24 电荷的湮灭与产生

毕苏林
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爱科学,也爱文艺;重逻辑,也重情感。以最硬核的科幻为壳,写最柔软的人间故事。愿以文字为桥,结识品味相投的读友。
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2026/04/14
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2 mins read


电荷湮灭,简单来说就是带正电和带负电的粒子相遇,一起消失,同时转化成能量。


我们最常见的是电子和正电子的湮灭。电子是带负电的微小粒子,是原子的组成部分;正电子和电子质量一样,却带正电,属于电子的“反粒子”。当这两个粒子碰到一起,不会像小球一样碰撞弹开,而是瞬间消失,原本它们携带的正、负电荷也随之不见,转化成了我们看不见的光子,也就是光能量。


这个过程有个关键规则:电荷不会单独消失。正电荷和负电荷数量相等,它们加起来的总电荷为零,湮灭之后总电荷还是零,完全符合电荷守恒定律,不会出现电荷莫名其妙单方面消失的情况。


电荷是怎么凭空产生的?


和湮灭相反,电荷也能从没有电荷的能量中诞生,这个过程叫粒子对产生。


光是一种能量,当高能的光(比如伽马射线),经过原子核附近时,在原子核的作用力影响下,就会突然转化成一个电子和一个正电子。原本不带任何电荷的光,变成了一对带等量正、负电荷的粒子,新的电荷就此出现。


同样,这个过程也遵守电荷守恒定律:一开始光没有电荷,生成的正电子和电子,一个带正电、一个带负电,总电荷依旧是零,没有凭空多出多余的电荷。


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Published: 2026/04/14 - Updated: 2026/04/14
Total: 416 words


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